The Silent Forest

June 1, 2019: Our Mother of Consolation Catholic Church, Philadelphia

June 2, 2019: Old Saint Joseph’s Church, Philadelphia

Sam Barge, Sonja Bontrager, Cory Davis, Lucas DeJesus, Conrad Erb, Joshua Glassman, Amy Hochstetler, Michael Johnson, Elissa Kranzler, Nathan Lofton, Cortlandt Matthews, Jessica Matthews, Hank Miller, Erina Pearlstein, John Piccolini, Rebekah Reddi, Jordan Rock, Lizzy Schwartz, Melinda Steffy, Emily Sung, Caroline Winschel, Michele Zuckman

Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland Samuel Scheidt (1587-1654)

Wie lang, o Gott Hieronymous Praetorius (1560-1629)

Nachtwache I Johannes Brahms (1833-1987)

Nachtwache II

Sechs Geistliche Leider Hugo Wolf (1860-1903)

1. Aufblich

2. Einkehr

3. Resignation

4. Letzte Bitte

5. Ergebung

6. Erhebung

Lockung Fanny Hensel (1805-1847) 

Abendlich schon rauscht der Wald

Litanei vom Hauch Hanns Eisler (1898-1962)

Vier doppelchörige Gesänge Robert Schumann (1810-1856)

1. An die Sterne

2. Ungewisses Licht

3. Zuversicht

4. Talismane

The Silent Forest is a meditation on sacred and secular German music, featuring works that span the 16th through the 20th centuries. Throughout this program, we explore two primary themes: spirituality and nature. 

We start our spiritual voyage with a hymn by Samuel Sheidt (1587-1654) that celebrates the coming of Jesus. A piece by Hieronymus Praetorius (1560-1629) echoes this yearning in a more desperate tone and begs for mercy and patience as the world waits for its savior. The spiritual character of our program shifts to a more romantic mood with Johannes Brahms’s (1833-1897) Nachtwache compositions. The text requests that we open a loving heart; “And if none opens, [we allow] the night wind [to] carry [us away].”

We would like to think that this phrase foreshadows the passage that inspired the very title of our program. Taken from Hugo Wolf’s (1960-1903) Sechs Geistliche Lieder, the following excerpt depicts the night as a haven from the wearying day:

O comfort of the world, you silent night!

The day has made me so tired,

The wide sea is already dark,

Let rest from lust and distress,

Until that eternal dawn

The silent forest is shining through.

These words were penned by Prussian poet Joseph von Eichendorff. His poems have been set to music by many, including Schumann, Brahms, and Hensel—three of the composers featured on today’s program. 

In fact, the themes from von Eichendorff’s poetry carry through to the second half of our program, which explores nature—a familiar theme in Romantic music, art, and literature. In Fanny Hensel’s (1805-1847) Lockung and Abendlich schon rauscht der Wald, von Eichendorff refers to the forest yet again, but this time, the woodland is not so silent. The poet illustrates sounds and scents of the forest that seem to intensify in the moonlight.

Next, we turn to composer Hanns Eisler with text by Bertolt Brecht. This duo collaborated on many works, including Litanei vom Hauch. Again, the text is descriptive of a silent forest with “not a breath in the trees”—a calm depiction meant to juxtapose against the horrors of human existence. We close our program with Robert Schumann’s Vier doppelchörige Gesänge. As you listen to the lush texture of Schumann’s double-choir setting, keep in mind this passage from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who provided the text for the fourth movement, Talismane: “In breathing, there are two graces, breathing in and breathing out. One constrains us and the other refreshes us; this is how wonderfully life is mixed.”

Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland

Born in Halle, Germany in 1587, Samuel Scheidt became one of the most prominent composers of the early Baroque era. Like most composers of the day, he served as music director at multiple churches, including Halle’s famed Market Church. His compositional style is most known for variation and syncopation. Set for double choir, Nun komm, der Heiden Heilandcelebrates the coming of Jesus. The source material, Veni redemptor gentium, was translated by Martin Luther during the Reformation.

Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland,

der Jungfrauen Kind erkannt,

des sich wundert alle Welt,

Gott solch Geburt ihm bestellt.

Now come, Savior of the gentiles,

recognized as the child of the Virgin,

so that all the world is amazed.

Wie lang, o Gott

Like Samuel Scheidt, Hieronymus Praetorius was a compositional influencer during the early Baroque period. Though he had no relation to the more famous Michael Praetorius (the composer of Lo, how a rose e’er blooming), his works were among the first written in north Germany in the progressive Venetian style.

Wie lang, o Gott, in meiner Not

willt lassen mich?

Erbarme dich über dein Knecht,

der Gnad begehrt und nicht das Recht.

Verzag, Herz, nicht, Gott wird dein Bitt'

erhören bald,

er hat Gewalt zu rechter Zeit,

sein Hülf er allen Frommen gibt.  

How long, o God,

will you leave me in my affliction?

Have pity on your servant,

who desires mercy and not justice.

Despair not, heart, for God will soon

hear your prayer.

He has power at the proper time

he gives his help to all the righteous. 

Nachtwache I & II

Johannes Brahms was one of the most prominent composers of the Romantic era. He combined his reverence for traditional music structures with harmonic innovations, providing a compositional model for other composers without abandoning past methods. Both Nachtwache pieces set stanzas of a poem by Friedrich Rückert and were composed concurrently with Brahms’s choral-orchestral masterpiece, Ein deutches Requiem (A German Requiem). In the first piece, the speaker sends their declaration of love upon the night-wind to their love interest, and declares that if it is unrequited, they will move on resolutely and confidently. The antiphonal, overlapping harmonies illustrate the night-wind’s sighs. The second piece employs large leaps in the voices to depict the horns of watchmen announcing the end of the day.

Nachtwache I

Leise Töne der Brust, geweckt vom Odem der Liebe,

Hauchet zitternd hinaus, 

ob sich euch öffn' ein Ohr,

Öffn' ein liebendes Herz, und wenn sich keines euch öffnet, 

Trag' ein Nachtwind euch seufzend in meines zurück.

Quiet sounds of the breast (heart), awakened from the breath of love,

Breathe, tremblingly, forth/out.

If you open an ear, 

Open a loving heart,

And if none opens to you,

Let the night wind carry you, sighing, back to me.

Nachtwache II

Ruh'n sie? Rufet das Horn des Wächters drüben aus Westen, 

Und aus Osten das Horn rufet entgegen: Sie ruh'n!

Hörst du, zagendes Herz, die flüsternden Stimmen der Engel? 

Lösche die Lampe getrost, hülle in Frieden dich ein.

Are they resting? The horn of the watchman calls from the West.

And from the East the horn calls a reply: They rest!

Do you hear, apprehensive heart, the whispering voices of angels?

Extinguish the lamp confidently, and cover yourself in peace.

Sechs Geistliche Leider

Hugo Wolf’s Sechs Geistliche Lieder is a cycle of six sacred, unaccompanied songs for SATB chorus, all of which are set to poems by the great German Romantic writer and literary critic Joseph von Eichendorff. Completed in 1881, Sechs Geistliche Lieder was written around the time that Wolf’s fiancée, Vally Franck, broke off their engagement, plunging the composer into despair. This traumatic event may have contributed to the existentialism and profound sense of loss expressed in his music. Each piece in this cycle reflects upon the speaker’s longing for meaning, comfort, and eternity in the face of death and mortality. Despite near-constant homophony and relatively simplistic rhythmic writing, each work in this set is marked by distinct color and complexity. Wolf’s rich, intensely chromatic harmonies bring each piece on a winding—sometimes disorienting—journey through many keys, before eventually concluding definitively in its home key. Though each of the six pieces stands well on its own, they were likely meant to be performed together as a set. The final piece closes simply and quietly in C major on the word “prayer,” which encapsulates the final refuge for the speaker’s despair.

I. Aufblick

Vergeht mir der Himmel von Staube schier

Herr, im Getümmel zeig' dein Panier!

Wie schwank' ich sündlich, lässt du von mir:

unüberwindlich bin ich mit dir!

The sky of dust almost goes by

Lord, in the fray show your banner!

How do I sway astray?

I'm invincible with you!

II. Einkehr

Weil jetzo alles stille ist

und alle Menschen schlafen,

mein' Seel' das ew'ge Licht begrüßt,

ruht wie ein Schiff im Hafen.

Der falsche Fleiß, die Eitelkeit,

was keinen mag erlaben,

darin der Tag das Herz zerstreut,

liegt alles tief begraben.

Ein andrer König wundergleich

mit königlichen Sinnen,

zieht herrlich ein im stillen Reich,

besteigt die ew'gen Zinnen.

Now that all is quiet

and everyone asleep,

my soul greets the eternal light

and rests like a ship in harbor.

Misplaced industriousness, vanity,

which bring nobody solace

but distract the heart by day,

lie buried deep.

Another king, a wondrous one, 

whose spirit is truly royal,

enters the silent kingdom in majesty,

climbs the eternal battlements.

III. Resignation

Komm, Trost der Welt, du stille Nacht!

Wie steigst du von den Bergen sacht,

Die Lüfte alle schlafen,

Ein Schiffer nur noch, wandermüd',

Singt übers Meer sein Abendlied

Zu Gottes Lob im Hafen.

Die Jahre wie die Wolken gehn

Und lassen mich hier einsam stehn,

Die Welt hat mich vergessen,

Da trat’st du wunderbar zu mir,

Wenn ich beim Waldesrauschen hier

Gedankenvoll gesessen.

O Trost der Welt, du stille Nacht!

Der Tag hat mich so müd' gemacht,

Das weite Meer schon dunkelt,

Laß ausruh’n mich von Lust und Not,

Bis daß das ew'ge Morgenrot

Den stillen Wald durchfunkelt.

Come, comfort the world, you silent night!

How do you gently get off the mountains,

The skies are all sleeping,

A skipper just 'wandering',

Sing his evening song over the sea

To God's praise in the harbor.

The years go like the clouds

And let me stand here alone,

The world has forgotten me,

Since you were wonderful to me,

If I'm in the forest noise here

Sat thoughtfully.

O comfort of the world, you silent night!

The day has made me so tired,

The wide sea is already dark,

Let rest from lust and distress,

Until that eternal dawn

The silent forest is shining through.

IV. Letzte Bitte

Wie ein todeswunder Streiter,

Der den Weg verloren hat,

Schwank' ich nun und kann nicht weiter,

Von dem Leben sterbensmatt.

Nacht schon dekket alle Müden,

Und so still ist's um mich her,

Herr, auch mir gib endlich Frieden,

Denn ich wünsch' und hoff' nichts mehr.

Like a miracle fighter,

Who has lost the way

I sway now and cannot continue,

Dead from life.

Night already covers all the tired,

And it's so quiet around me,

Lord, I too can give peace,

Because I wish and hope nothing more.

V. Ergebung

Dein Wille, Herr, geschehe!

Verdunkelt schweigt das Land.

Im Zug der Wetter sehe

ich schauernd deine Hand.

O mit uns Sündern gehe

erbarmend in’s Gericht!

Ich beug' im tiefsten Wehe

zum Staub mein Angesicht.

Dein Wille, Herr, geschehe!

Your will, sir, be done!

Darkened, the land is silent.

See the weather on the train

I shiver your hand.

O go with us sinners

mercy into the court!

I bow in the deepest pains

to the dust my face.

Your will, sir, be done!

VI. Erhebung

So laß herein nun brechen

Die Brandung, wie sie will,

Du darfst ein Wort nur sprechen,

So wird der Abgrund still.

Und bricht die letzte Brükke,

Zu dir, der treulich steht,

Hebt über Not und Glükke

Mich einsam das Gebet.

You can only speak one word,

So the abyss is quiet.

And breaks the last bridge,

To you, who stands faithfully,

Lift over misery and fortune

Lonely the prayer.

Lockung / Abendlich schon rauscht der Wald

Fanny Hensel was one of the most prolific female composers of her era, having composed over 460 pieces of music. Much like her younger brother, Felix Mendelssohn, her prodigious musical talent and wealthy family’s aristocratic connections afforded her unfettered access to the finest musical education. But, unlike her brother, she was dissuaded from professional musical pursuits, instead expected to relegate herself to a more house-bound, “womanly” role. Although Fanny’s family did not want her to publish her own works, Felix sought her insight on his own pieces, and published a few of her works under his name. In 1846, in what would be the last year of her life, Hensel finally decided to publish under her own name, without her brother’s input. Both of Hensel’s pieces featured in this program come from one such collection of settings of poetry by J. V. Eichendorff. Lockung contemplates the sounds of the forest, including the calls of mermaids that lure the speaker into the refreshing river. Abendlich schon rauscht der Wald illustrates the forest’s sounds and its silence, and describes the calm that such tranquility brings to the speaker’s heart.

Lockung

Hörst du nicht die Bäume rauschen

Draußen durch die stille Rund?

Lockts dich nicht, hinabzulauschen

Von dem Söller in den Grund,

Wo die vielen Bäche gehen

Wunderbar im Mondenschein

Wo die stillen Schlösser sehen

In den Fluß vom hohen Stein?

Kennst du noch die irren Lieder

Aus der alten, schönen Zeit?

Sie erwachen alle wieder

Nachts in Waldeseinsamkeit,

Wenn die Bäume träumend lauschen

Und der Flieder duftet schwül

Und im Fluß die Nixen rauschen -

Komm herab, hier ist's so kühl.

Can’t you hear the forest rustle, 

outside through the silent round?

Aren’t you tempted to listen down from the balcony to the ground,

Where the many brooks flow, 

wondrously in the moonlight,

And the silent castles look 

into the river from high rock?

Do you remember the mad songs 

from old, beautiful times?

They all awake again at night, in the loneliness of the forest,

When the dreaming trees are listening,

and the lilac has a sultry scent

And in the river the mermaids murmur, ‘Come down, here it is so cool.’

Abendlich schon rauscht der Wald

Abendlich schon rauscht der Wald

Aus den tiefsten Gründen,

Droben wird der Herr nun bald

An die Sterne zünden,

Wie so stille in den Schlünden,

Abendlich nur rauscht der Wald.

Alles geht zu seiner Ruh,

Wie die Welt verbrause

Schauernd hört der Wandrer zu,

Sehnt sich tief nach Hause,

Hier in Waldes grüner Klause

Herz, geh edlich auch zur Ruh!

Beautiful evening breezes rustle the forest from the deepest grounds,

Above the lord will now soon light the stars

How silent in the chasms, just evening breezes in the wood.

Everything goes to its rest, how the world is spent,

Shuddering, listens the wanderer, yearning deeply for home,

Here in the forest-green hermitage, heart, go at last, too, to rest.

Litanei vom Hauch

Hanns Eisler was a remarkable composer of Austrian descent who created a large body of music in Europe and in America in the 20th century. Sadly, he is mostly unknown in our era. His long association with Bertolt Brecht, the great German author of the same era, resulted in much music, and he was a prominent composer of movie scores (including eight Hollywood films, two of which were Oscar-nominated). His association with political left causes resulted in his deportation from the United States in the Red Scare years; only two decades earlier he had been forced out of Germany by the Nazis. Eisler’s Litanei vom Hauch is a setting of Brecht’s impressive prose: It is an allegorical piece that is at times a cruel depiction of human tribalism, and a warning written in an almost fairy-tale fashion. The German word “Hauch” in the title adds a level of ambiguity in translation as it can mean “breeze” as easily as “breath.”  

Einst kam ein altes Weib einher,

die hatte kein Brot zum Essen mehr.

Das Brot, das fraß das Militär!

Da fiel sie in die Goss', die war kalte.

Da hatte sie keinen Hunger mehr.

Darauf schwiegen die Vöglein im Walde!

Über allen Gipfeln ist Ruh,

in allen Wipfeln spürest du kaum einen Hauch!

Da kam einmal ein Totenarzt einher,

der sagte: Die Alte besteht auf ihrem Schein.

Da grub man die hungrige Alte ein.

so sage das alte Weib nichts mehr!

Nur der Arzt lachte noch über die Alte

Auch die Vöglein schweigen im Walde,

über allen Gipfeln ist Ruh.

Da kam einmal ein einz'ger Mann daher;

der hatte für diese Ordnung keinen Sinn.

Der fand in der Sache einen Haken drin.

Der war eine Art Freund für die Alte.

Der sagte: ein Mensch müsse essen können, bitte sehr, ein Mensch!

Darauf schwiegen die Vöglein im Walde.

Über allen Gipfeln ist Ruh, un allen Wipfeln spürest du kaum einen Hauch!

Da kam einmal ein Polizist daher,

der hatte einen Gummiknüppel dabei.

Der zerklopfte dem Mann seinen

Hinterkopf zu Brei!

Da sagte auch dieser Mann nichts mehr!

Doch der Polizist sagte, daß es schallte:

So! Jetzt schweigen die Vöglein im Walde!

Über allen Gipfeln ist Ruh, in allen Wipfeln spürest du kaum einen Hauch!

Da kamen mit einem mal viele rote Männer einher,

die wollten einmal reden mit dem Militär!

Doch das Militär redete mit dem Maschinengewehr

und da sagten die roten Männer nichts mehr,

doch hatten sie auf ihrer Stirne noch eine Falte!

Darauf schwiegen die Vöglein im Walde.

Über allen Gipfeln ist Ruh, ist Ruh!

Da kam ein großer roter Bär einher,

der wußte nichts von den Bräuchen,

denn er kam von überm Meer,

und der fraß die Vöglein im Walde!

Da schwiegen die Vöglein nicht mehr!

Über allen Gipfeln ist Unruh!

In allen Wipfeln spürest du jetzt einen Hauch!

Once an old crone came walking along, no bread no more.

Military ate it up, ended in the gutter cold and wet,

no hunger no more. Silent the birdsong, not a breath in the trees.

Death doctor comes walking along: 

the lady insists on documentation.

hungry old crone buried,

no words no more,

doctor still laughing,

and silent the birdsong, not a breath in the trees.

One man comes walking along, 

refusing to toe the line,

something's wrong here, 

standing up for the lady.

A body has to eat, she's human too.

Then the birdsong was silent, not a breath in the trees,

in all the forest barely a breeze.

A policeman comes walking along,

carrying his billy club,

beats his brain to mush.

For the man no words no more.

Policeman yelling his words,

Birdsong be silent! In all the trees barely a breeze.

All at once a red crowd comes walking along,

wanting some words with the military.

Military answer with machine guns,

for the red men no words no more,

still with a crease on their forehead.

Now birdsong is silent, not a breeze in the forest, 

not a breath in the trees.

And once a big red bear comes walking along,

not knowing the lines, coming from distant lands.

Ate up the birds in the trees,

birdsong not silent no more.

Breath stirs in the forest, breeze in the trees.

Vier doppelchörige Gesänge

Robert Schumann was born in Zwickau, Saxony, in 1810. The fifth and youngest son of an author, translator, and book dealer, Schumann’s middle-class upbringing allowed him to pursue his interests in literature and music while also briefly studying law. After a hand injury forced him to abandon a planned career as a concert pianist, Schumann made significant contributions to 19th century music as a composer, critic, and champion of younger composers—notably, Johannes Brahms. All of this was achieved despite life-long struggles with mental illness, culminating in a suicide attempt in 1854 and eventually his death in 1856 at age 46.

The year 1849 was one of the most productive years of Schumann’s life and saw the completion of almost 40 compositions. Among these works is the final composition on today’s program, Vier doppelchörige Gesänge, Op. 141, a set of four “part songs” for double-choir. Part songs are typically simple, secular works for unaccompanied voices, and many were composed by the likes of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert. Here, Schumann significantly expands the form, giving us four independent songs that are each cast on a large scale.

I. An die Sterne

Sterne in des Himmels Ferne!

die mit Strahlen bessrer Welt

ihr die Erdendämmrung hellt;

schau'n nicht Geisteraugen

von euch erdenwärts,

daß sie Frieden hauchen

ins umwölkte Herz?

Sterne in des Himmels Ferne!

träumt sich auch in jenem Raum

eines Lebens flücht'ger Traum?

Hebt Entzücken, Wonne,

Trauer, Wehmut, Schmerz,

jenseit unsrer Sonne

auch ein fühlend Herz?

Sterne in des Himmels Ferne!

Winkt ihr nicht schon Himmelsruh'

mir aus euren Fernen zu?

Wird nicht einst dem Müden

auf den goldnen Au'n

ungetrübter Frieden

in die Seele tau'n?

Sterne in des Himmels Ferne,

bis mein Geist den Fittich hebt

und zu eurem Frieden schwebt,

hang' an euch mein Sehnen

hoffend, glaubevoll!

O, ihr holden, schönen,

könnt ihr täuschen wohl?

Stars in the distant heavens!

who brighten the twilight of Earth

with the beams of a better world;

Are there not ghostly eyes

looking from you towards the earth,

breathing peace into clouded hearts?

Stars in the distant heavens!

Is the fleeting dream of life

dreamed even in that far-off place?

Are there hearts beyond our sun

which are also lifted

by delight, joy,

sorrow, melancholy, anguish?

Stars in the distant heavens!

Do your twinkles not signify heavenly peace

to me from far off?

Will you not melt peace

into the soul of weary men

one day in golden meadows?

Stars in the distant heavens,

until my spirit takes wing

and flies to your peace,

I pin my longings on you,

hoping, trusting.

O you lovely, beautiful ones,

is it possible for you to deceive me?

–Friedrich Rückert

II. Ungewisses Licht

Bahnlos und pfadlos, Felsen hinan

stürmet der Mensch, ein Wandersmann.

Stürzende Bäche, wogender Fluß,

brausender Wald, nichts hemmet den Fuß!

Dunkel im Kampfe über ihn hin,

jagend im Heere die Wolken zieh'n;

rollender Donner, strömender Guß,

sternlose Nacht, nichts hemmet den Fuß!

Endlich, ha! endlich schimmert's von fern!

Ist es ein Irrlicht, ist es ein Stern?

Ha! wie der Schimmer so freundlich blinkt,

wie er mich locket, wie er mir winkt!

Rascher durcheilet der Wandrer die Nacht,

hinnach dem Lichte zieht's ihn mit Macht!

Sprecht, wie: sind's Flammen, ist's Morgenrot,

ist es die Liebe, ist es der Tod?

Without a path, without a trail,

the man, the wanderer storms up the cliffs:

Plunging streams, a roaring river,

Booming woods, nothing breaks his stride!

Warring in darkness above,

Clouds pursue him in armies;

Rolling thunder, streaming torrents,

a starless night, nothing breaks his stride!

At last, ha! At last it glitters in the distance!

Is it a phantom, is it a star?

Ha, its sparkle is so friendly,

How it entices me, how it beckons to me!

Faster now the wanderer hurries through the night,

Drawn by the power of the light.

Tell: is it a flame, is it the sunrise?

Is it love, is it death?

–Joseph Christian von Zedlitz

III. Zuversicht

Nach oben mußt du blicken,

gedrücktes, wundes Herz,

dann wandelt in Entzücken

sich bald dein tiefster Schmerz.

Froh darfst du Hoffnung fassen,

wie hoch die Flut auch treibt.

Wie wärst du denn verlassen,

wenn dir die Liebe bleibt?

You must look up,

oppressed, wounded heart,

Then your deepest agonies

Will soon turn to delight.

"You may cling to hope gladly,

however high the flood rises.

How can you be lost

if you still have love?

–Joseph Christian von Zedlitz

IV. Talismane

Gottes ist der Orient!

Gottes ist der Okzident!

Nord und südliches Gelände

Ruht im Frieden seiner Hände.

Er, der einzige Gerechte,

Will für jedermann das Rechte.

Sei von seinen hundert Namen

Dieser hochgelobet! Amen.

Mich verwirren will das Irren;

Doch du weißt mich zu entwirren,

Wenn ich handle, wenn ich dichte,

Gieb du meinem Weg die Richte!

Ob ich Ird'sches denk' und sinne,

Das gereicht zu höherem Gewinne.

Mit dem Staube nicht der Geist zerstoben,

Dringet, in sich selbst gedrängt, nach oben.

Im Atemholen sind zweierlei Gnaden:

Die Luft einziehen, sich ihrer entladen:

Jenes bedrängt, dieses erfrischt;

So wunderbar ist dasLeben gemischt.

Du danke Gott, wenn er dich preßt,

Und dank ihm, wenn er dich wieder entläßt.

The East is God's!

The West is God's!

Northern and southern lands

rest in the peace of his hands.

He, the only one who is just,

wants justice for everyone.

Of his hundred names,

Let this one be highly praised! Amen.

Errors try to confuse me,

But you know how to disentangle me.

If I act, if I compose poems,

Give direction to my path.

Although I think on earthly things,

that stands me in higher stead.

The spirit that doesn't disperse with the dust

is forced back into itself, and ascends.

In breathing, there are two graces:

breathing in, and breathing out.

One constrains us and the other refreshes us;

This is how wonderfully life is mixed.

Thank God when he presses you,

and thank him when he releases you again.

Amen.

–Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Behind Closed Doors

March 15, 2019: Presbyterian Church of Chestnut Hill

March 17, 2019: St. Mark’s Church

Sam Barge, Sonja Bontrager, Jon Cronin, Lucas DeJesus, Conrad Erb, Julie Frey, Amy Hochstetler, Elissa Kranzler, Nathan Lofton, Cortlandt Matthews, Hank Miller, John Piccolini, Rebekah Reddi, Jordan Rock, Rebecca Roy, Jesse Scheinbart, Lizzy Schwartz, Melinda Steffy, Emily Sung, Kevin Vondrak, Caroline Winschel, Michele Zuckman

Morning Prayers, Philip Moore (b. 1943)

from Three Prayers of Dietrich Bonhoeffer 

Sibylla Libyca, Orlande de Lassus (1532–1594)

from Prophetiae Sibyllarum

Psalm 67, Charles Ives (1874–1954)

✦

Even When God Is Silent, Michael Horvit (b. 1932)

Prayers in Time of Distress, Philip Moore

Swing Low, Sweet Chariot, traditional African American arr. William Dawson (1899–1990)

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Sibylla Samia, Orlande de Lassus

Ave Verum Corpus, William Byrd (1538–1623)

Whispers, Steven Stucky (1949–2016)

Sibylla Erythrea, Orlande de Lassus

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Evening Prayers, Philip Moore

Sibylla Agrippa, Orlande de Lassus

Steal Away, traditional African American arr. Michael Tippett (1905–1998)

from A Child of Our Time              

Behind Closed Doors is a program of music and texts that were originally written for private consumption. The music on this program approaches this theme from a few different directions, incorporating works that were written without a public performance in mind as well as several musical compositions or texts that were truly created in secret.

The program is built around two larger-scale pieces, Three Prayers of Dietrich Bonhoeffer by Philip Moore and excerpts from Prophetiae Sibyllarum by Orlande de Lassus. Moore’s 1980 work sets texts by the German pastor and theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer, who was an opponent of the Nazi regime and spent the last two years of his life in a Nazi prison before being executed. Lassus’s motets, which look forward to the early twentieth century in their explorations of tonality, were composed for private performance in the 1550s but were considered so unusual for the time that they were not published until after the composer’s death, nearly a half-century later. Lassus’s texts, prophetic poems about the coming of Christ, are arranged to respond and comment on Bonhoeffer’s prayers.

The remainder of the program includes nineteenth-century experimental music by Charles Ives; a setting of a poem scrawled on a wall by a Holocaust victim; several arrangements of coded African American spirituals; and a contemporary work combining an illicit Elizabethan Catholic anthem with a poem by Walt Whitman.

Central to the program, though, are the words of Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906–1945) as set by Philip Moore. Bonhoeffer was born to a well-off family in Breslau, Germany, and showed early promise as an academic. After completing a Doctorate in Theology at Berlin University in 1927 (at the age of 21), Bonhoeffer came to the United States for further study at Union Theological Seminary in New York. Following Hitler’s rise to power in 1933, Bonhoeffer became a prominent critic of the Nazi regime and spent the next several years lecturing, writing, teaching, and resisting Nazi influence within the church. Ultimately, Bonhoeffer was arrested by the Nazis for his involvement with the German resistance and executed in 1945.

Philip Moore (b.1943) is an English organist and composer. Following studies at the Royal College of Music in London, Moore embarked on a forty-year career in church music that included positions at Canterbury Cathedral, Guildford Cathedral, and York Minster. Moore’s music is firmly rooted in the English church music tradition, and the Three Prayers of Dietrich Bonhoeffer draw particular inspiration from the music of Benjamin Britten and Herbert Howells.

The composer writes: “[Dietrich Bonhoeffer] wrote several books, of which one of the most well-known is Letters and Papers from Prison, written in 1943. Amongst the papers are seven poems entitled Prayers for Fellow Prisoners. Even in translation they are vivid, passionate, and intense, and spring from a deep sense of compassion, and a love and understanding of humanity. Although Bonhoeffer’s writings reflect his triumph of hardship and suffering, there is also a depth of despair that is perhaps only fully reflected in his poetry. This is particularly apparent in Morning Prayers and Prayers in Time of Distress. Evening Prayers, however, breathes a spirit of tranquility and acceptance; a spirit by which he was known and through which he gave comfort to his fellow prisoners.

“I first encountered Bonhoeffer’s Prayers for my Fellow Prisoners in 1966, and immediately felt drawn to the idea of setting some of them to music. The opportunity arose in 1980 when a newly formed vocal quartet, Equinox, commissioned me to write a work. The prayers were first performed on September 25, 1981, and the commission was funded by a grant from the South East Arts Association.

“Musically the construction of each Prayer is straightforward. The first two are each dominated by a particular interval––the first by a minor second and the second by an augmented fourth. Bonhoeffer frequently draws parallels between musical counterpoint and life, and because of this the third Prayer is in the form of a fugue. The subject is based on the first two phrases of the chorale Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland [‘Savior of the nations, come’], which Bonhoeffer actually quotes in one of his letters. The complete chorale appears at the very end of the movement at the words ‘into Thy hands I commend my loved ones.’” 

Sibylla Libyca

“Sibylla Libyca” is the second movement of Lassus’s Prophetiae Sibyllarum, one of the most enigmatic works by the great Franco-Flemish Renaissance composer. The piece is set in twelve movements, each declaiming the text of one of the ancient Greek oracles, who were believed by some to have foretold the coming of Christ. Though Lassus wrote the work when he was only 28 years old, Prophetiae Sibyllarum constitutes some of the most extreme, inventive, and chromatic music of his entire output: centuries before the arrival of atonal music, Lassus was experimenting with writing in all twelve tones and exploring rapid harmonic movement through chords foreign to the mode. The entire piece is set for four-voice, a cappella choir, and likely would have been sung one- or two-voices on a part during the composer’s time.

Psalm 67

Charles Ives (1874–1954) was born into a musical family in Danbury, Connecticut. The composer’s father, George, had been a bandmaster in the Union Army during the Civil War and following the war made his living as a musician and teacher. Ives inherited not only his father’s interest in music generally but also his interest in musical experimentation. Ives began composing at an early age, eventually going on to study with Horatio Parker at Yale. Following Yale, Ives embarked on a career in the insurance industry, all the while composing music that pushed beyond the niceties of late nineteenth-century music. Working largely for his own enjoyment, Ives was free to write music that was not bound by the expectations of a concert-going public or the technical limitations of performing musicians. Although Ives’s compositional activities largely ceased by the 1920s, his music did not begin to receive regular public performances until the 1930s. Indeed, many of his most significant works were not given their first performances until decades after they were composed. 

Ives’s first instrument was the organ, and he worked as a church organist from the ages of 14 to 28. Not surprisingly, church music makes up a large portion of Ives’s early output and the traditions of Protestant church music, particularly hymnody, are a significant influence even on Ives’s later secular music. Ives’s 1898 setting of Psalm 67 is firmly rooted in the traditions of church music, based as it is on homophonic, chordal Anglican chant. The experimental side of Ives’s musical personality is also evident in this setting, however, as Psalm 67 is a study in poly-tonality, in which the women and men of the chorus sing simultaneously in different keys. The technique became a favorite of Igor Stravinsky in ballet scores such as Petrouchka and The Rite of Spring, composed 15 years after Ives’s Psalm setting.

Even When God Is Silent

“Even When God Is Silent” is a setting of a poem found in 1945 on the wall of a basement in Cologne, Germany, by Allied troops. The poem is believed to have been written by someone hiding from the Gestapo. Composed to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of Kristallnacht, Horvit sets the text simply in C minor; each voice part declaims the text in turn before joining in homophony. In each phrase, the repetition of the words “I believe” underscores the power of hope even in isolation and darkness.

Swing Low, Sweet Chariot

William Dawson was an African American composer and choir director from Alabama whose arrangements of African American spirituals have cemented his place in the standard repertory for American music for generations. His setting of Swing Low, Sweet Chariot is known for its simple yet rich harmonies and sweeping soprano solo.

Sibylla Samia

“Sibylla Samia” is the fifth movement of Lassus’s Prophetiae Sibyllarum. Though brief, this movement exhibits the same wild inventiveness and extreme chromaticism as the other movements of the larger work. Known for his multilingual fluency in text setting, Lassus was and still is celebrated for his remarkable ability to declaim text with all the power and rhetoric of the spoken word.

Ave Verum Corpus

William Byrd, a student of Thomas Tallis and one of the most prominent English composers during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, is remembered today for his prolific output of Latin church music during a time when English Catholics were subject to harsh persecution for practicing their faith. “Ave Verum Corpus,” an SATB a cappella setting of a text central to Catholic worship, is one of his most well-known motets. It was published in 1605, in Byrd’s first collection of Gradualia. Set in G minor, the text unfurls largely in homophony with the frequent cross-relations and chromatic motion that characterize Byrd’s compositional style.

Whispers

Pulitzer Prize–winning composer Steven Stucky was widely recognized as one of the leading American composers of his generation. Commissioned for Chanticleer’s twenty-fifth anniversary in 2002, his piece “Whispers” juxtaposes Byrd’s “Ave Verum Corpus,” sung by a distant semichorus, with an original setting of lines from Walt Whitman’s “Whispers of Heavenly Death.” In Stucky’s description of the work, he writes, “Thoughts and images of death are so transmuted by the power of great art that the result is not sadness, but instead a kind of mystical exaltation.” Whitman’s text, sung by the main chorus, is set in undulating, chromatic waves that increase gradually in intensity and clarity, and through which snatches of Byrd’s “Ave Verum Corpus” drift, phrase by phrase.

Steal Away

The English composer Sir Michael Tippett (1905–1998) wrote the oratorio A Child of Our Time during the first years of World War II. The oratorio tells the story of a young Jewish refugee who assassinated a Nazi official in 1938 and the resulting government crackdown, famously known as Kristallnacht: the “Night of Broken Glass.” Tippett breaks up the story with settings of African American spirituals, which function much the same way as the Lutheran chorales in Bach’s passion oratorios: providing moments of self-reflection within the narrative arc of the all-too-familiar, all-too-inevitable story. His arrangement of “Steal Away” comes at the end of Part I of the oratorio, one of the darkest moments in the narrative, after the soprano soloist despairs over the state of the world: “How shall I feed my children on so small a wage? How can I comfort them when I am dead?”

Tippett’s setting of “Steal Away,” though very much composed for public performance, brings together several themes that have emerged in this program. Like the pieces by Moore, Horvit, and Byrd, Tippett’s “Steal Away” is a response to religious and political oppression. Like “Swing Low, Sweet Chariot,” the spiritual “Steal Away” dates from the time of slavery in the United States and is imbued with multiple layers of meaning. Finally, Michael Tippett was gay and a pacifist––two things which were either unpopular or illegal in England for much of his lifetime. Tippett would have understood as well as any other composer on this program what it means to compartmentalize and stifle certain aspects of his own self-expression. 

We Who Believe

November 9, 2018: Presbyterian Church of Chestnut Hill

November 11, 2018: First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia

Sonja Bontrager, Lucas DeJesus, Conrad Erb, Julie Frey, Joshua Glassman, Amy Hochstetler, Michael Johnson, Elissa Kranzler, Nathan Lofton, Cortlandt Matthews, Brian Middleton, Hank Miller, John Piccolini, Rebekah Reddi, Jordan Rock, Rebecca Roy, Lizzy Schwartz, Melinda Steffy, Emily Sung, Caroline Winschel, Michele Zuckman

Hope, Ysaÿe Maria Barnwell (b. 1946)

Spiritual, Ysaÿe Maria Barnwell

A ship with unfurled sails, Gabriel Jackson (b. 1962)

Advance Democracy, Benjamin Britten (1913–1976)

What do you think I fought for at Omaha Beach?, Melissa Dunphy (b. 1980)

Mu isamaa on minu arm, Gustav Ernesaks (1908–1993)

El pueblo unido, Sergio Ortega (1938–2003), arr. Gene Glickman

she took his hands, Nicholas Cline (b. 1985)

Te Quiero, Alberto Favero (b. 1944), arr. Liliana Cangiano

we cannot leave (from Privilege), Ted Hearne (b. 1982)

Ella’s Song, Bernice Johnson Reagon (b. 1942)

Hold On! traditional spiritual, arr. Moses Hogan (1957–2003)

If you were hoping that a choir concert might represent the last apolitical space in our public sphere, you might be disappointed today. But this program is only as topical as you need it to be: singing together about revolutions isn’t especially revolutionary, as evidenced by this music that spans continents and carries the voices of earlier generations. The history of societal progress echoes with song, drawing as much from our faith in deliverance as from our need to keep motivated during the struggle.

In this context, returning to this music of progress isn’t simply affirming: it’s crucial. Raising our voices together is both our birthright and our responsibility; it is among the most intimate of public acts and one of the strongest, simplest forms of community-building. And although we are presenting these works formally, we ask that you receive them viscerally, with your whole selves. Your voice––your belief, your power, your faith, your fear––is needed if we are to grow together in community. When the call comes, sing out.

Hope

Today’s program would not be feasible without the ongoing work of Black and African American artists and teachers whose wisdom and talents infuse our contemporary understanding of both music and progress. Chief among these is Dr. Ysaÿe Maria Barnwell, a founding member of the internationally renowned vocal ensemble Sweet Honey in the Rock and a celebrated composer, choral clinician, and master teacher in the African American musical tradition. She summed up much of her teaching and composing in 2016, addressing a workshop audience in Massachusetts: “I see songs as armor when you need it. And I see songs as a blessing. We’re back to the beginning. Songs have a function. That’s what I want people to understand. They come to you when you need them.”

Viewed then as a kind of mantra, Barnwell’s “Hope” builds out of complementary layers of influences, with her timeless text juxtaposed against polyrhythms that hearken to African drumming. The repeated structure makes it easy for any of us to call upon the song when it’s needed—or even to add new calls to action.

Spiritual

With its title defining both its genre and its cultural resonance, Barnwell’s anthem “Spiritual” explores the all-too-familiar uncertainty that comes to those living through unrest. Recorded by Sweet Honey in the Rock in 1993, Barnwell’s references here are to the headlines of the late twentieth century, like the global AIDS epidemic, South African schoolchildren protesting apartheid-fueled educational policies in Soweto, and the Los Angeles police force’s brutal beating of Rodney King. The repeated refrain takes us out of time, framing our shared vulnerability against this backdrop of systemic injustice.

A ship with unfurled sails

“A ship with unfurled sails” places us in similarly uncertain territory, but here the dividing line between possibility and hope seems more tenuous, with nightfall now presaging a new beginning. The text, by Estonian poet and translator Doris Kareva, is colored by the Soviet occupation of Estonia, which achieved modern independence only in 1991. That Kareva’s long-awaited ship comes sovereign, unclaimed by any nation, indicates how deeply the strife of occupation had cut—no flag at all would be better than the standard of a hated occupier.

Gabriel Jackson’s setting of this enigmatic text grounds the poet’s own experiences in striking text painting. The haunting wavelets in the alto line keep the melody off-center, unsure, and the recognition that something glorious may be to hand––Imperceptibly all is changed. All arrives so secretly.––comes in phases, allowing for a surprising expression of pure joy before the narrator can collect herself.

Advance Democracy

In contrast to Jackson and Kareva’s uncertainty, Benjamin Britten’s “Advance Democracy” offers us pure bombast and a more direct call to action. Written in 1938, less than a year before the outbreak of World War II, “Advance Democracy” pleads for an alternative to war, with stirring text by the British poet Randall Swingler. Britten’s own pacifism is well known from his War Requiem, composed in 1962, and though “Advance Democracy” clearly reflects the composer and poet’s own pre-war anxieties, there’s a grim familiarity to the mechanisms of violence and fear as political ploys. Framed with that resonance, Britten’s darker moments carry great weight: listen for the contrast between the disjointed, staccato chant and the soaring, eerie obligato in the other voiceparts.

What do you think I fought for at Omaha Beach?

Of course, Britten and Swingler’s pleas didn’t account for the genocidal horrors being wrought elsewhere in Europe, and the world did go to war for the second time that century. That war included Philip Spooner, a Maine native who served as a medic and a chaplain between 1942 and 1945. Decades later, in 2009, Mr. Spooner shared a glimpse of his wartime experiences before the Maine Judiciary Committee while testifying in support of marriage equality. In reference to the atrocities of the war, he said, “I have seen with my own eyes the consequence of a caste system and of making some people less than others or second class. Never again. We must have equal rights for everyone.”

After a video and transcript of his remarks went viral, Philadelphia composer Melissa Dunphy crafted this intricate choral setting of Mr. Spooner’s address. Although the rhetoric is lofty, Dunphy’s speech-like rhythms hold us tightly to Mr. Spooner’s hesitant, sometimes-shaky delivery, with the sweetness of the setting inviting us to consider that a man who has “seen much” may still be nervous about addressing his state legislators.

A few months after Mr. Spooner’s speech, Maine voted in favor of marriage equality. It might be tempting to ascribe this achievement in part to his testimony—as Dunphy herself laughingly admitted recently, the words of an octagenarian Nazi-fighting veteran are “pretty unimpeachable,” and the extraordinary digital reach of his remarks reveals the impact of a single person’s voice. Still, Mr. Spooner’s insistence on the equality of all people would suggest that his particular contribution to the discussion might as easily have come from someone else. And indeed, that may have been what he intended to share that day with the committee: after Dunphy’s composition received international attention, she was contacted by the canvasser quoted in Mr. Spooner’s remarks. As Dunphy explained recently, the canvasser suggested that all the viral transcripts had captured Mr. Spooner’s central question inaccurately: though his delivery was halting, he had actually asked, “What do you think our boys fought for at Omaha Beach?” Viewed in this light, we must wonder anew about just what Mr. Spooner has seen in his many years: not only about the losses he may have suffered during the war but also about the fears and grief he may have confronted afterwards as a partner and a father. He doesn’t betray any evolution in his own views—he was “raised to believe that all men are created equal”—and so we are left to wonder about how much this man has seen, and about how much he himself has sacrificed in the name of his ideals.

Mu isamaa on minu arm

In the same era as Mr. Spooner’s service, freedom and equality were at risk in Estonia, which was newly under restored Soviet control after only 26 years of independence in the early twentieth century. The Soviet Union was intent on destroying the cultural identity the Estonians had begun forming, and part of their imposed censorship included banning Estonia’s national anthem from being sung in public. 

During the 1947 Laulupidu (the once-annual national song festival), the first since the war’s end, composer Gustav Ernesaks debuted a new setting of the poem “Mu isamaa on minu arm,” an ode to the country written by the famous Estonian poet Lydia Koidula in the mid-nineteenth century. Taken up by the Estonian people as a new anthem of sorts, it too was soon banned, but it continued to be sung and was eventually allowed back on concert programs. In 1969, during the song festival celebrating the 100-year anniversary of Laulupidu, Ernesaks’s piece was performed by a choir, after which the audience—estimated at 100,000 people––and the choir on stage began singing it again in a burst of patriotic fervor. The choir stood firm when they were ordered to leave the stage, and a Soviet military band attempted to drown out the anthem, to no avail.

As referenced in Kareva’s poem, the power of Estonian singing was finally realized in the late 1980s, when it won its independence through the non-violent “Singing Revolution,” thanks to mass demonstrations at which people sang pro-independence songs by contemporary Estonian rock bands. Laulupidu still recurs every five years; in 2019, for the festival’s 150th anniversary, “Mu isamaa on minu arm” will return as the central theme.

El Pueblo Unido

From Chile comes another twentieth-century anthem, here by the storied Leftist composer Sergio Ortega. Ortega worked closely with President Salvador Allende, composing both his electoral theme song (“Venceramos,” or “We Shall Triumph”) and “¡El pueblo unido, jamás será vencido!” in the same period of Allende’s brief tenure before being assassinated during a coup. Ortega was exiled from Chile in the early 1970s, but “El Pueblo Unido” remained part of the Latin America vernacular, known and sung by progressive forces throughout the region. This arrangement by the New York-based arranger Gene Glickman centers the piece’s title as if proclaimed by demonstrators.

she took his hands

“she took his hands” is a setting of an excerpt from a 2007 Washington Post article about the arrest of Elvira Arellano, an immigrant from Mexico who worked for seven years in the United States and took sanctuary in a Chicago church to remain near her U.S.-born son, before ultimately being arrested and deported by U.S. immigration officials for her illegal status. Chicago-based composer Nicholas Cline sets the text in sparse, haunting repetitions that carry the strength, fear, and faith of Elvira’s words to her son. 

Te Quiero

Another vision of activism and faith comes to us from “Te Quiero,” a bone-deep love song by the Argentinian composer Alberto Favero setting a much-beloved poem by Uruguayan poet Mario Benedetti. Favero is known in Latin America primarily for his compositions of popular music; this choral version, by the Argentinian arranger Liliana Cangiano, captures Favero’s inherent expressiveness as he treats the lyrical text. Benedetti’s refrain—“Somos mucho más que dos”––can be a lover’s caress or a revolutionary’s cry; we like that it also speaks to the power of intertwined voices. 

we cannot leave

Ted Hearne’s music blends rock-inspired minimalism with social consciousness. Although educated on the East coast and based for much of his career in Brooklyn, Hearne now lives in Los Angeles and teaches composition at the University of Southern California. Hearne is best known to Philadelphia audiences through his association with the new music choir The Crossing, with whom he has collaborated on numerous occasions. Among these collaborations was Sounds from the Bench, premiered by The Crossing in 2014, which was a finalist for the 2018 Pulitzer Prize in Music.

Privilege, composed in 2009 for the San Francisco choir Volti, was one of the composer’s first major successes and has been performed by dozens of ensembles throughout the United States. Privilege is a collection of five short pieces for a cappella chorus: the first and third movements are settings of “little texts” by the composer that question a contemporary privileged life (his own). The second and fourth movements are settings of excerpts from an interview with TV producer and journalist David Simon, creator of the television series The Wire. Simon’s words are answers to questions about economic and educational inequality. The final movement, “we cannot leave,” which we share here today as a standalone piece, is a setting of As’ Kwaz’ uKuhamba, a Xhosa anti-apartheid song from South Africa.

The composer writes: “The first four movements are of course most closely related to contemporary America. Because the fifth takes a text from an outside culture (black South African) and is more removed historically (because the era of Apartheid is over we are able to process it as a chapter that has been closed), it can provide relief from texts that are more ‘close to home.’ But also […] there are common themes running between the movements, and in a way the distanced perspective makes the last movement the saddest or most tragic of all. One thing that should not be overlooked is the parallels between social and economic injustices in Apartheid South Africa and America.”

Ella’s Song

In addition to her role as the founder of Sweet Honey in the Rock, Bernice Johnson Reagon is a celebrated composer, arranger, teacher, and theater artist. In 1981, she was commissioned to compose the title song for Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker: the result was “Ella’s Song.” Although the lyrics seem shockingly familiar today, they are drawn from Baker’s decades of writings and activism against exploitation, racism, and injustice. As Reagon writes, “The first verse is from a statement Baker made about the murder of three Civil Rights Movement workers, Michael Schwerner, James Chaney, and Andrew Goodman during the Mississippi Campaign in the summer of 1964. A search was mounted after their disappearance that involved dragging the rivers of Mississippi. As they searched the muddy waters, they turned up bodies of Black men who had never been looked for because they were Black.” Although the call-and-response pattern means that only a few singers give voice to Baker’s words, Reagon’s score cautions that “all harmony lines must carry the emotional responsibility of the song.”

Hold On!

“Hold On!,” sometimes known as “Gospel Plow,” is a traditional American spiritual recorded by such artists as Mahalia Jackson, Duke Ellington, and Bob Dylan. The text implores us to live life to the fullest, committing ourselves to work for meaning and justice in this world.  Hogan's arrangement features small groups of voices sharing each verse while the rest of the ensemble emphatically supports them.